GeschaftScarcity & opportunity costTanlov va muqobil qiymat
Choice is forced by scarcity
Because there are never enough goods and resources to satisfy all of our wants (the economic problem), every decision-maker must make choices: consumers, businesses and governments alike. Choosing one thing means giving up another.
Opportunity cost
When we decide to obtain one item, we give up others because we cannot afford them all. The opportunity cost is the next most desired product that is given up to make a choice. It is not the money spent — it is the best alternative you did not get.
A consumer who buys a smartphone gives up the trainers they could have bought — the trainers are the opportunity cost. A government that builds a fighter plane gives up the hospital it could have built instead. The same idea applies to a business deciding how to spend its capital.
Showing the trade-off
When resources are fully used, producing more of one good means producing less of another. Economists show this trade-off as a curve of the choices available.
Test yourself
Answer all four, then submit to see your score.
Based on the Cambridge International AS & A Level Business Coursebook (4th edition).
Tanlash zarurati
Inson ehtiyojlarini qondirish uchun zarur bo'lgan barcha tovar va xizmatlarni ishlab chiqarishning imkoni yo'q, chunki iqtisodiy resurslar cheklangan. Shu bois har bir kishi, korxona va davlat tanlashga majbur — bir imkoniyatni tanlab, qolganidan voz kechadi.
Muqobil qiymat
Bir necha imkoniyatdan bittasini tanlab, qolganidan voz kechilganda, voz kechilgan imkoniyatlar ichidan eng katta naf keltiruvchisi — tanlovning muqobil qiymati deb ataladi.
Shohjahonga dadasi 100 000 so'm berdi. U krossovka, futbol to'pi va futbol formasi olmoqchi edi, ammo pulga faqat bittasini olishi mumkin. Eng katta qoniqishni krossovka bergani uchun u krossovkani tanladi. Bu tanlov unga futbol to'pini ololmaslik bilan «qimmatga tushdi» — demak, krossovkaning muqobil qiymati futbol to'pi bilan o'lchanadi.
Bunday tanlov nafaqat insonda, balki korxona (yangi dastgoh yoki ta'mir?), fermer (qaysi ekin?), shahar hokimligi (yo'l yoki maktab?) va davlat (sog'liqni saqlash yoki zavod?) oldida ham turadi.
Murosali tanlov
Ba'zan barcha imkoniyatlardan qisman-qisman foydalaniladi. Do'kon egasi Abdullayev pulining yarmiga shampun, qolganiga krem sotib oladi — ikkala imkoniyatdan ham qisman foydalanadi. Bu murosali (aralash) tanlov deb yuritiladi.
Ishlab chiqarish imkoniyatlari
Resurs cheklangani uchun bir mahsulotni ko'proq ishlab chiqarish ikkinchisini kamaytiradi. Masalan, fermer dalasiga bug'doy eksa 40 tonna, sholi eksa 80 tonna hosil oladi. Demak, 1 tonna bug'doyning muqobil qiymati — 2 tonna sholiga teng.
O'zingizni sinang
To'rt savolga javob bering va «Yakunlash»ni bosing.
«Iqtisodiy bilim asoslari» (8-sinf) darsligi asosida.