GeschaftInflationInflatsiya
What is inflation?
Inflation is the rate at which consumer prices, on average, increase each year. Keeping inflation low is one of the main macroeconomic objectives that governments set for the whole economy — alongside economic growth, low unemployment, a balance of payments, and exchange-rate stability.
Why low inflation matters
- These macroeconomic objectives can conflict. For example, if inflation is too high, a government may introduce policies to reduce spending — but lower demand can then raise unemployment.
- Inflation, low inflation and unemployment strongly influence business activity: they affect costs, sales and confidence to invest.
Nominal vs. real
Economic growth is measured by the rise in GDP (gross domestic product). But GDP is measured in money terms, and inflation raises the value of GDP even when no extra goods are produced. True (real) economic growth happens only when the physical output of goods and services rises. Always separate real change from nominal change.
Test yourself
Answer all four, then submit.
Based on the Cambridge International AS & A Level Business Coursebook (4th edition), Unit 7: The economic environment.
Inflatsiya nima?
Iqtisodiyotda inflatsiya — o'rtacha narx-navoning muttasil oshib borish jarayonidir. Inflatsiya davlat pul birligining qadrsizlanishiga olib keladi: pulning qadrsizlanishi deb, unga sotib olish mumkin bo'lgan tovarlar miqdorining kamayishiga aytiladi.
Fisher tenglamasi
M · V = P · Q. Bu yerda: M — muomaladagi pul massasi, V — pulning aylanish tezligi, P — birlik tovarning o'rtacha narxi, Q — tovar va xizmatlar miqdori.
Agar muomaladagi pul miqdori (M) ko'payib ketsa, muvozanatni tiklash uchun yoki tovarlar hajmini (Q) yoki o'rtacha narxni (P) oshirish kerak bo'ladi. Tovar hajmini bir zumda oshirib bo'lmagani uchun, odatda, narxlar oshadi.
Inflatsiyaning ikki asosiy sababi
- Muomalada ishlab chiqarilgan tovar va xizmatlar qiymatidan ko'proq pul bo'lishi — yalpi talab taklifdan oshadi, narxlar ko'tariladi.
- Ishlab chiqarish uchun zarur resurslar narxining oshishi (masalan, ish haqi oshsa, tovar tannarxi ham, aholi qo'lidagi pul ham ortadi).
Inflatsiya nazoratdan chiqsa, u giperinflatsiyaga aylanadi — narxlar yiliga 50 baravardan ham ko'proq ko'tariladi.
O'zbekistonda inflatsiya
O'zbekiston inflatsiyani pasaytirish ustida ishlamoqda: yillik daraja 2025-yilda 7,3%ga tushdi — bu so'nggi to'qqiz yildagi eng past ko'rsatkich (2024-yilda 9,8% edi).
O'zingizni sinang
To'rt savolga javob bering va «Yakunlash»ni bosing.
«Iqtisodiy bilim asoslari» (9-sinf) darsligi; O'zbekiston ma'lumotlari: Markaziy bank, Gazeta.uz.