GeschaftGDP, CPI & the GDP deflatorMilliy mahsulot (YaIM) va narx indekslari
What is GDP?
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is the total value of all new goods and services produced within a country during a calendar year. It measures all the economic activity in an economy — a measure of the economy's creation of wealth. In macroeconomics, GDP is used interchangeably with Income (Y) and Output.
Per capita GDP (GDP divided by the population) is often used as a measure of a country's standard of living. When per capita GDP rises, economists expect living standards to rise too, because more wealth is created per person.
Nominal vs. real GDP
- Nominal values are not adjusted for inflation.
- Real values are adjusted for inflation.
You get GDP by multiplying prices × quantities for all goods and services, then adding the values together.
Nominal GDP = current-year prices × current-year quantities.
Real GDP = base-year prices × current-year quantities.
Comparing real GDP across years is a better reflection of the true change in an economy's output, because price changes are stripped out.
Measuring inflation: CPI vs. the GDP deflator
The two most common measures of inflation are the CPI and the GDP deflator:
- CPI (Consumer Price Index) tracks price changes in a market basket of about 80,000 goods and services bought by a typical urban household. It shows inflation's impact on the average consumer.
- GDP deflator tracks price changes on all goods and services in the entire economy — a more comprehensive measure, but it may not reflect the impact on average citizens.
Calculating the CPI
The CPI values a fixed basket of goods in both the base year's prices and the current year's prices. The quantities stay the same; only the prices change. The formula is:
CPI = (cost of basket in current year ÷ cost of basket in base year) × 100
Problems with the CPI: the substitution effect (people switch away from dearer goods), quality changes, and new goods that are not yet included in the basket.
Converting nominal values into real values
Using the deflator: Real value = (Nominal ÷ deflator) × 100.
Example: if nominal GDP is $1,200 and the GDP deflator is 150, then real GDP = $1,200 ÷ 150 × 100 = $800.
Using the CPI: the index is used the same way. A television that cost $100 in 2017 would cost $100 ÷ 141.67 × 100 ≈ $70.59 in 1990 (if the CPI is 141.67).
Calculating the inflation rate from an index
To find the inflation between two CPIs (or two deflators), use the percentage-change formula:
Inflation rate = ((new − old) ÷ old) × 100
Example: if the CPI goes from 125 to 150, inflation = (150 − 125) ÷ 125 × 100 = 20%.
The costs of inflation
Inflation hurts some people and helps others:
- Hurt: people on fixed incomes (e.g. retirees), savers (money loses value), and lenders/bankers (loans are repaid in less valuable money).
- Helped: debtors (borrowers) — they repay with less valuable money.
Sally borrows at 5% interest when expected inflation is 2%, so she expects a real interest rate of 3%. If actual inflation turns out to be 4%, she repays in less valuable money and the real rate she actually pays is just 1% instead of 3%.
Test yourself
Answer all five, then submit.
AP Macroeconomics — Unit 2 (GDP, CPI and the GDP deflator).
Ishlab chiqarishning milliy hajmi
Jamiyatda ma'lum vaqt davomida ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulot va xizmatlar hajmi yalpi milliy mahsulot (YMM) ko'rsatkichida ifodalanadi. YMM — mamlakatda bir yil ichida ishlab chiqarilgan hamma pirovard tovarlar va xizmatlarning bozor qiymatlari yig'indisidir.
YMMni hisoblash usullari
YMMni ikki usulda hisoblab chiqariladi:
GNP = C + I + G + X
- C — iste'mol xarajatlari (uy xo'jaliklarining tovar va xizmatlarga sarflari);
- I — investitsiyalar (uskunalar, ishlab chiqarish binolari, zaxiralar, uy-joy qurilishi, amortizatsiya);
- G — davlat xarajatlari;
- X — sof eksport (eksport va import farqi).
Y = W + R + I + P
- W — ish haqi (ijtimoiy ta'minot to'lovlari bilan);
- R — renta (yer, bino, uy-joyni ijaraga berishdan daromad);
- I — foiz (jamg'arilgan pul kapitalidan daromad);
- P — korxonalar oladigan foyda.
Milliy hisoblar tizimining boshqa ko'rsatkichlari
- Yalpi ichki mahsulot (YAIM): mamlakat ichida va faqat shu mamlakat ishlab chiqarish omillaridan foydalanib ishlab chiqarilgan tovar va xizmatlar. Formula: GIP = GNP − X.
- Sof milliy mahsulot (SMM): YMMdan amortizatsiya (A) olib tashlangandan keyingi qism. Formula: NNP = GNP − A.
Narxlarning umumiy darajasi — narxlar indeksi
Narxlar (baholar) indeksi narxlarning o'rtacha darajasining ma'lum davr ichida nisbatan o'zgarishini ifodalaydi:
Joriy yilning narxlar indeksi = (joriy yil narxlari ÷ bazis yil narxlari) × 100%
Inflatsiya darajasi
Inflatsiya darajasi iste'mol narxlari indekslari orqali hisoblanadi:
Inflatsiya darajasi = (NI₁ − NI₀) ÷ NI₀
Bu yerda NI₀ — birinchi yildagi, NI₁ — keyingi yildagi iste'mol narxlari indeksi.
Real va nominal foiz stavkalari farqlanadi: Real stavka = nominal stavka − inflatsiya darajasi.
Bandlik va ishsizlik me'yori
Bandlik — ishga ega mehnatga qobiliyatli aholi soni. Ishsizlikni baholashda asosiy ko'rsatkich — ishsizlik me'yori:
Ishsizlik me'yori = (ishsizlar soni ÷ ish kuchi miqdori) × 100%
O'zingizni sinang
Besh savolga javob bering va «Yakunlash»ni bosing.
«Iqtisodiyot asoslari» (M. Maxkamova va b.), 11-bob «Umumiy xalq xo'jaligi hisob-kitobi»; «Iqtisodiy bilim asoslari» (9-sinf).