GeschaftWhat is economicsIqtisodiyot nima va uning tarixi
The economic problem
We live in a world of great wealth and great scarcity. There are never enough goods to satisfy all of our needs and wants at any one time — and this is known as the economic problem. The purpose of economic activity is to provide for as many of our wants as possible, yet we are always left wanting more.
Because products are scarce and the resources to make them are limited, we are forced to make choices. We choose the things that give us the greatest benefit and give up those that provide less value. This is not only true for people as consumers — every economic decision-maker faces it: governments, businesses, workers and charities.
Opportunity cost
The need to choose leads to the important principle of opportunity cost. When we decide to obtain one item, we must give up others because we cannot afford them all. The next most desired product that is given up is the opportunity cost of our decision.
If a consumer chooses to buy a smartphone, the trainers they could have bought instead become the opportunity cost. If a government chooses to build a fighter plane, the hospital it could have built instead is the opportunity cost. The concept applies to consumers, businesses and governments alike.
Factors of production
To produce goods and services, an economy uses four factors of production:
- Land — natural resources such as soil, water and minerals.
- Labour — the physical and mental effort of workers.
- Capital — the machinery, tools and finance used in production.
- Enterprise — the entrepreneur who brings the other factors together and takes the risk.
All four are limited, which is exactly why scarcity and opportunity cost exist.
Test yourself
Answer all five, then submit to see your score.
Based on the Cambridge International AS & A Level Business Coursebook (4th edition).
Iqtisodiyot nima?
Iqtisodiyot — moddiy va nomoddiy ne'matlarni ishlab chiqarish, taqsimlash, ayirboshlash va iste'mol qilishni aks ettiruvchi ijtimoiy xo'jalikdir. Soddaroq aytganda, iqtisodiyot insonlar o'z ehtiyojlarini qondirish uchun cheklangan resurslardan qanday foydalanishini o'rganadi.
Iqtisodiy faoliyat o'zaro bog'liq to'rt bosqichdan iborat: ishlab chiqarish → taqsimot → ayirboshlash → iste'mol.
Iqtisodiyotning bosh masalasi
Iqtisodiyotning doimiy va bosh masalasi — ehtiyojlarning cheksizligi va iqtisodiy resurslarning cheklanganligidir.
Ehtiyoj — insonning yashashi va kamol topishi uchun zarur bo'lgan barcha moddiy va nomoddiy buyumlarga bo'lgan xohish va istagi. Ehtiyojlar avloddan avlodga o'sib boradi — bu ehtiyojlarning o'sib borish qonuni. Resurslar — yer, kapital, ishchi kuchi, xom ashyo — esa cheklangan. Shuning uchun jamiyat doimo tanlashga majbur: nima ishlab chiqarish, qanday va kim uchun.
Iqtisodiyot fan sifatida qanday shakllangan
Merkantilizm
Merkantilizmga ko'ra, jamiyatning boyligi pul va oltindan iborat bo'lib, u asosan tashqi savdoda paydo bo'ladi va ko'payadi. «Merkantilizm» italyancha mercante — «savdogar» so'zidan olingan. Namoyondalari: V. Stafford, T. Man, A. Monkreten.
Fiziokratlar
Fiziokratlar jamiyatning boyligi qishloq xo'jaligida vujudga keladi, degan g'oyani ilgari surdilar. Bu ta'limotning asoschisi — fransuz iqtisodchisi F. Kene (1694–1774).
Klassik siyosiy iqtisod
Klassik siyosiy iqtisod boylik faqat qishloq xo'jaligida emas, balki sanoat, transport, qurilish va boshqa sohalarda ham yaratilishini isbotlab berdi.
- U. Petti (1623–1686) boylikning manbai yer va mehnat ekanini e'tirof etgan: «Mehnat boylikning otasi, yer uning onasi».
- Adam Smit «Xalqlar boyligining tabiati va sabablari to'g'risida tadqiqot» (1776) asarida talab va taklif asosida shakllanadigan erkin narxlar orqali bozor o'z-o'zini tartibga solishi — «ko'rinmas qo'l» g'oyasini ilgari surdi. Insonni harakatga undovchi asosiy rag'bat — shaxsiy manfaat.
- D. Rikardo qiymat va foydaning yagona manbai mehnat ekanini ko'rsatdi.
O'zingizni sinang
Beshta savolga javob bering va natijani ko'rish uchun «Yakunlash»ni bosing.
«Iqtisodiyot nazariyasi» va «Iqtisodiy bilim asoslari» (8-sinf) darsliklari asosida.